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The Bishopric of Dorpat ((エストニア語:Tartu piiskopkond); ; (ラテン語:Ecclesia Tarbatensis)) was a medieval prince-bishopric principality, i;e; both a catholic diocese and a temporal principality ruled by the bishops. It existed from 1224 to 1558, generally encompassing what are now Tartu, Põlva, Võru and Jõgeva counties in Estonia. The Prince-bishopric was a sovereign member of the Holy Roman Empire (formally from 6 Nov 1225)and part of Livonian Confederation. == History == The first bishop of Dorpat (the current Tartu) was Hermann von Buxhoeveden, the brother of Albert, bishop of Riga and leader of the Livonian Crusade. The Estonian Diocese was established by the bishop of Riga in 1211 and its first nominal seat was Leal (Lihula) in western Estonia. In 1224, Estonian bishop Hermann took possession of parts of what is today southeastern Estonia and chose Dorpat as his new seat, 6 November 1225 he was enfeoffed with his principality by Heinrich, King of the Romans, and on 1 December created as a March of the Holy Roman Empire. The principality was founded mainly on territories of Ugaunian tribe of ancient Estonians. In 1242, Bishop Hermann with his Ugaunian subjects was defeated by Novgorod's prince Alexander Nevsky in famous Battle on Lake Peipus. During 1268, Fredrik, the then Bishop of Dorpat, is known to have called himself also as the "Bishop of Karelia", the background of the short-lived title remaining open.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Excerpt from sources ). In Latin. Hosted by the (National Archive of Finland ). See () and ''Diplomatarium Fennicum'' from the menu.〕 The Bishopric of Dorpat was an important Hanseatic trade center. In the end of 14th century, former Dietrich Damerow became the Bishop of Dorpat. He was the archenemy of the Livonian Order and made a coalition against it with Lithuania, Mecklenburg and Victual Brothers (notorious pirates of the Baltic Sea). He even asked King Richard II of England to take Dorpat under his protection. The Order invaded the bishopric in 1379 with no success. After settling the conflict the Livonian Order lost its right to demand vassals of bishoprics take part in military campaigns. During its last years, the Bishopric of Dorpat had a dispute with Russia which became later the main pretext of the Livonian War. Tsar Ivan the Terrible demanded that the bishopric pay huge tribute of 40,000 talers. Ivan insisted that the Dorpat was the ancient Russian fortress of ''Yuryev'' (referring to short term Ruthenian rule of the area after conquest by prince Yaroslav I the Wise, 1030–61(?)). The rulers of Dorpat tried to negotiate a smaller amount in the interest of extending the truce, but Ivan dismissed the diplomats and started the war. In 1558 Tartu was conquered by Russian troops and the Bishopric of Dorpat ceased to exist. Beside Dorpat (Tartu) there were five more stone castles in the Bishopric: * Odenpäh ((エストニア語:Otepää)) as the ancient centre of Ugandi and the first stone stronghold of bishopric; * Kirrumpäh (''Kirumpää'') and Neuhausen (''Vastseliina'') by the important ancient Dorpat–Pleskau (Tartu–Pihkva) road; * Oldentorn (Vana-Kastre) and Warbeke or Caster (Uue-Kastre) by the Emajõgi river which is joining the Dorpat/Tartu and the Lake Peipus. There was also an outstanding Cistercian monastery, Kärkna Abbey (also Valkena or Falkenau) monastery near Dorpat/Tartu. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bishopric of Dorpat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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